
Chromosome
The human genome consists of 50,000 to 100,000 genes located within long strands of DNA (like beads in a string) which make up the 23 pairs of chromosomes found in humans. And while the human genome project has helped us to understand better our genetic makeup, the path from the information contained in our genes to the final result, that is a human being, is still poorly understood. Chimpanzees share 96% of our genome but we are undoubtedly very different from them, and scientists believe that much of these differences result from different gene interactions and regulatory mechanisms that allow some genes to be expressed but not others. But how does this happen? Part of the answer to this question, seems to lie in a period of the cellular life cycle called interphase. Interphase is the stage during which the cell is not dividing and is, instead, involved in high metabolic activity: genes are expressed (in a highly regulated manner) leading to the production of a variety of proteins that are found in the different cells in the body. It is also the period when many mutations occur during the duplication of the cell’s DNA material in preparation for cell division. During this phase each chromosome occupies a different area or territory in the nucleus. For a long time it has been believed that these territories were completely separate from each other, but recent data challenge this idea. In fact, not only have movements of chromosomes been observed during this stage, but also a large number of translocations takes place, implying some kind of chromosome proximity. Translocations are mutations which appear when two broken chromosomes are repaired incorrectly resulting in a broken chromosome piece inserted into the wrong chromosome